為什么年輕人離開(kāi)俄羅斯?

Svetlana Cherkasova
Why are young talents leaving? Due to the fact that some time ago they paid much more abroad. This is a purely economic interest, people want to survive. Now this is far from being the case, there are no gaps between what is being offered. Plus, compared to Western countries, Russia is a fairly comfortable country for life. Russian cities have become better.
 
年輕人才為何離開(kāi)？原因在于，過(guò)去他們?cè)趪?guó)外能夠獲得更高的薪酬。這是出于純粹的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益，人們?yōu)榱松娑x擇出國(guó)。然而，現(xiàn)在情況已經(jīng)大不相同，國(guó)內(nèi)外提供的待遇差距已經(jīng)不復(fù)存在。此外，與西方國(guó)家相比，俄羅斯的生活條件相當(dāng)舒適，俄羅斯的城市也在不斷改善。
 
The main factor - people, especially young people - are ambitious. They want their life to be marked by some major achievement. They want big projects that they can build a career on, gain public recognition, etc. If people participate in such projects, they won't go anywhere. Moreover, people will come to us for such projects.
Last year, Russia entered the top ten countries in terms of spending on scientific research ($46.7 billion).
 
主要的驅(qū)動(dòng)因素是人們的雄心壯志，尤其是年輕人。他們希望自己的生活能夠以一些重大成就為標(biāo)志，他們渴望參與能夠建立自己職業(yè)生涯、獲得公眾認(rèn)可的大型項(xiàng)目。如果人們能夠參與到這樣的項(xiàng)目中，他們就不會(huì)選擇離開(kāi)。事實(shí)上，這樣的項(xiàng)目還會(huì)吸引人們前來(lái)。
去年，俄羅斯在科研投入方面躋身世界前十，科研支出達(dá)到了467億美元。
 
Alexey Godin
I beg to disagree. None of my friends who left Russia in 2022–2023 left because they were unsatisfied with their salary or their living conditions. They left because of the war give or take. I chose to stay in Russia, and not because I would not have found a work abroad, a software engineer/university teacher with a good command of English can find a job. But I cannot blame those who left.
 
恕我不能贊同,我那些在2022到2023年間離開(kāi)俄羅斯的朋友，他們離開(kāi)并不是因?yàn)閷?duì)薪水或生活條件不滿。他們離開(kāi)主要是因?yàn)閼?zhàn)爭(zhēng)。我選擇留在俄羅斯，并不是因?yàn)槲以趪?guó)外找不到工作——作為一個(gè)英語(yǔ)流利的軟件工程師或大學(xué)教師，我完全有能力在國(guó)外找到工作。但我不能責(zé)怪那些離開(kāi)的人。
 
Patrick Lewis Van Ness
1 can and I will. My grandson, Danila, reported for the spring 2022 military call up. His one year of obligated service was training while serving as a security personnel at the New Voronezh Nuclear Power Station. In March after his obligatory service expired, he signed an enlistment contract in the army and requested frontline duty in Ukraine. Last April, he was deployed to the Zaphorizia front where he trained with a combat unit in preparation for the anticipated summer offensive. My grandson, had the option of emigrating to the United States, where he would be welcomed by his American relatives. However, he told me that he would never be able to face his uncles and aunts who had served honorably in the Marine Corps and US Air Force in the global war on terror, had he left his native country in a time of grave crisis. His American uncles and aunts support his decision to continue his service in the Russian army, knowing, as veterans themselves, that freedom is not, in fact, free!
“THESE are the times that try men's souls. The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of their country; but he that stands by it now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman.” — Thomas Paine
 
我能夠并且將會(huì)這么做。我的孫子丹尼拉在2022年春季應(yīng)征入伍。他一年的強(qiáng)制服役是在新沃羅涅日核電站作為安保人員的同時(shí)接受訓(xùn)練。3月，他的強(qiáng)制服役結(jié)束后，他簽訂了志愿兵合同，并請(qǐng)求到烏克蘭前線服役。去年4月，他被派往扎波羅熱前線，在那里他與一個(gè)作戰(zhàn)單位一起訓(xùn)練，為即將到來(lái)的夏季攻勢(shì)做準(zhǔn)備。我的孫子本可以選擇移民到美國(guó)，在那里他的美國(guó)親戚會(huì)歡迎他。然而，他告訴我，如果他在國(guó)家面臨嚴(yán)重危機(jī)時(shí)離開(kāi)，他將無(wú)法面對(duì)那些曾在全球反恐戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中光榮服役的海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊(duì)和美國(guó)空軍的叔叔阿姨們。他的美國(guó)親戚支持他繼續(xù)在俄羅斯軍隊(duì)服役的決定，因?yàn)樗麄冏约鹤鳛橥宋檐娙?，知道自由并非沒(méi)有代價(jià)。
“這是考驗(yàn)人們靈魂的時(shí)代。那些只在夏天服役的士兵和只在陽(yáng)光明媚時(shí)愛(ài)國(guó)的人，在這場(chǎng)危機(jī)中將會(huì)退縮；但那些現(xiàn)在仍然堅(jiān)守的人，值得所有人的愛(ài)和感激?！?—— 托馬斯·潘恩
 
Svetlana Cherkasova
Who was the best aviator? A native of Russia Sikorsky ...
Where was the first tank invented, do you think in Britain? Nothing of the kind, the first tank was invented back in the Russian Empire, in Riga ... it’s just that no one appreciated Porokhovshchikov’s invention then, and soon everyone forgot about it. And it is not fair that the British invented the tank.
Such examples could go on and on...
 
誰(shuí)是最佳的飛行員？是俄羅斯人西科爾斯基...
你認(rèn)為坦克是在哪里首次被發(fā)明的？是英國(guó)嗎？完全不是這樣，實(shí)際上，坦克首次被發(fā)明是在俄羅斯帝國(guó)時(shí)期的里加...只是當(dāng)時(shí)沒(méi)有人重視波洛霍夫斯基的發(fā)明，不久之后，人們就忘記了這件事。英國(guó)人發(fā)明了坦克的說(shuō)法并不公平。
這樣的例子不勝枚舉...
 
Patrick Lewis Van Ness
Russian involvement in rocketry began in 1903 when Konstantin Tsiolkovsky published a paper on liquid-propelled rockets. Tsiolkovsky's efforts made significant advances in the use of liquid fuel. His work challenged traditional thought and sparked a revolution in science which embraced new ideas in rocket technology.
 
俄羅斯對(duì)火箭技術(shù)的涉獵始于1903年，當(dāng)時(shí)康斯坦丁·齊奧爾科夫斯基發(fā)表了一篇關(guān)于液體推進(jìn)火箭的論文。齊奧爾科夫斯基的研究在液體燃料的使用上取得了顯著進(jìn)步，他的觀點(diǎn)挑戰(zhàn)了傳統(tǒng)思維，并在科學(xué)界引發(fā)了一場(chǎng)圍繞火箭技術(shù)新理念的革命。
 
Patrick Lewis Van Ness
Russia’s economy is still evolving. Russia violently transitioned from a feudal agricultural society/economy to a completely state managed industrial urban society. There was indeed massive progress and massive setbacks within. Thirty years after the dissolution of the Soviet unx, 20 years after the catastrophe that was Boris Yeltsin, with the consistency and stability of the current administration in the Kremlin, the Russian economy is evolving and expanding and is in the process of accommodating the rich talent pool of its well educated youth. However, there is one problem yet to be resolved. Young women, like my daughter have eschewed tradition family life in favor of a career, in her case business, resulting in a low birth rate. You can’t fault them, having been raised in a society in which gender equality has far out paced that of the West since 1920. This is an issue for all industrial nations that support universal education. My daughter has degrees in both mechanical engineering and accounting. In her mid-thirties, she is now managing her own business in boiler installation along with her husband.
 
俄羅斯的經(jīng)濟(jì)仍在持續(xù)演變中。從封建農(nóng)業(yè)社會(huì)的經(jīng)濟(jì)體系，成為了一個(gè)完全由國(guó)家管理的工業(yè)城市化社會(huì)，俄羅斯經(jīng)歷了劇烈的轉(zhuǎn)變。在這個(gè)過(guò)程中，既有巨大的發(fā)展，也有巨大的挫折。蘇聯(lián)解體30年后，經(jīng)歷了鮑里斯·葉利欽時(shí)期的災(zāi)難性治理20年后，在克里姆林宮現(xiàn)政府的穩(wěn)定領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，俄羅斯經(jīng)濟(jì)正在發(fā)展和擴(kuò)張，并正在逐步吸納其受過(guò)良好教育的青年人才。然而，仍存在一個(gè)問(wèn)題尚未解決。像我女兒這樣的年輕女性，已經(jīng)放棄了傳統(tǒng)的家庭生活，轉(zhuǎn)而追求事業(yè)，她是投身于商業(yè)領(lǐng)域，這導(dǎo)致了出生率的下降。你不能責(zé)怪她們，她們?cè)谝粋€(gè)性別平等觀念遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超越西方國(guó)家的社會(huì)中成長(zhǎng)，這種情況自1920年以來(lái)一直如此。這是所有支持普及教育的工業(yè)國(guó)家所面臨的問(wèn)題。我的女兒擁有機(jī)械工程和會(huì)計(jì)兩個(gè)學(xué)位?，F(xiàn)在她三十多歲，正在和丈夫一起經(jīng)營(yíng)自己的鍋爐安裝業(yè)務(wù)。
 
Svetlana Cherkasova
Now we are moving to a completely different stage - we are freeing ourselves from the colonial dependence of goal-setting. First of all, this means that we set our own goals , including the goals of technological development.
Yes, children should be born, the sooner and more the better. But in the West, regarding childbearing, the position “40 is the new 20” is becoming more and more popular. They say that women who give birth after 40 are 4 times more likely to live to 100 years.
 
我們現(xiàn)在正進(jìn)入一個(gè)全新的階段——我們正在擺脫設(shè)定目標(biāo)時(shí)的殖民依賴。首先，這意味著我們自己來(lái)確定目標(biāo)，包括科技發(fā)展的目標(biāo)。
的確，應(yīng)該生孩子，而且越早越好，越多越好。但在西方，關(guān)于生育的觀念，“40歲是新的20歲”這一觀點(diǎn)正變得越來(lái)越流行。有說(shuō)法是，40歲以后生育的女性活到100歲的可能性是之前的四倍。
 
Patrick Lewis Van Ness
Culturally that has been true in Russia. My wife gave birth at 21 with our only child. In 2011 at the age of 45 and after a career as an immunologist, she expressed a desire to bear and raise another child. Unfortunately, due to complications that was not to be. Most of our friends have followed the same path - a child early on and a child much later in life. I attribute this, in my opinion, why Russian children are much better behaved and educated from what I have seen. I think Russian fathers devote more time with their children on average than American fathers.
 
在俄羅斯，這在文化上確實(shí)是事實(shí)。我的妻子在21歲時(shí)生下了我們唯一的孩子。2011年，她在45歲，經(jīng)歷了作為一名免疫學(xué)家的職業(yè)生涯后，表達(dá)了想要再生育并撫養(yǎng)另一個(gè)孩子的愿望。遺憾的是，由于一些并發(fā)癥，這個(gè)愿望沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)。我們的大多數(shù)朋友都遵循了同樣的模式——早年有一個(gè)孩子，然后在晚年再有一個(gè)孩子。我個(gè)人認(rèn)為，這就是為什么我觀察到的俄羅斯孩子表現(xiàn)得更好、教育程度更高的原因。我認(rèn)為，平均來(lái)說(shuō)，俄羅斯的父親們比美國(guó)的父親們更多地投入到與孩子的互動(dòng)中。
 
Frank Hegeman
How many STEM professionals have left Russia in the last 3 years? Also doesn't Russia graduate the same number of stem professionals as the US?
 
在過(guò)去三年中，有多少理工科領(lǐng)域的專業(yè)人員離開(kāi)了俄羅斯？俄羅斯培養(yǎng)的理工科專業(yè)人員數(shù)量不是和美國(guó)一樣多嗎？
 
Svetlana Cherkasova
Russia trains twice as many engineers as the US, despite having half the population. In the broader category of STEM (science, technology, engineering, math), Russia trains as many specialists as the much more populous US.
Of the Russians who left, 10% did not return. 80% of the departed engineers continue to work for Russian companies. After the start of the special operation, the Russians left for Georgia, Kazakhstan, Turkey, Serbia, Armenia and other countries. The salary of engineers in Russia is higher than in these countries.
 
盡管俄羅斯的人口只有美國(guó)的一半，但它培養(yǎng)的工程師數(shù)量是美國(guó)的兩倍。在更廣泛的理工科領(lǐng)域（科學(xué)、技術(shù)、工程、數(shù)學(xué)），俄羅斯培養(yǎng)的專家數(shù)量與人口更多的美國(guó)培養(yǎng)的專家數(shù)量一樣多。
在離開(kāi)的俄羅斯人中，有10%沒(méi)有返回。而那些離開(kāi)的工程師中有80%繼續(xù)為俄羅斯公司工作。特別行動(dòng)開(kāi)始后，俄羅斯人開(kāi)始前往格魯吉亞、哈薩克斯坦、土耳其、塞爾維亞、亞美尼亞等國(guó)家。俄羅斯工程師的薪資水平比這些國(guó)家工程師的薪資高。
 
Henk De Hoop
Just look at the time when most young people left. Then tell me that the war had no effect. Young, smart, critical people with acces to more information then state propaganda left in great numbers.
 
只要看看大多數(shù)年輕人離開(kāi)的時(shí)期，就能明白戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)并非毫無(wú)影響。那些年輕、聰明、具有批判性思維，并且能夠獲取比官方宣傳更廣泛信息的人，已經(jīng)大規(guī)模地離開(kāi)了。
 
Svetlana Cherkasova
Youth is an ideal social group for psychological processing. All of the above distinctive features of modern youth are successfully used by the organizers of velvet revolutions. The value of young people lies precisely in the fact that it is they, “progressive” and “advanced”, who are able to become a provider of a new idea to the masses, a detonator of a colored mine that was laid long before the birth of many of them.
 
青年是進(jìn)行心理操作的理想對(duì)象?，F(xiàn)代青年的這些顯著特征被那些策劃“天鵝絨革命”的人精妙地利用。年輕人之所以寶貴，是因?yàn)樗麄兙哂小斑M(jìn)步”和“前衛(wèi)”的特質(zhì)，能夠向大眾傳遞新思想，成為那些在他們出生前就埋下的、多彩的隱喻性“地雷”的觸發(fā)者。
 
The middle generation has more knowledge about history. Largely due to the severe shocks that they experienced: the Afghan war, the collapse of the USSR, the default, the Chechen war. These trials have left scars in our hearts and souls. Each of us knows he loves his homeland, and we do not need any foreign land.
 
中年一代對(duì)歷史有著更豐富的認(rèn)識(shí)。這主要是因?yàn)樗麄冇H歷了重大的歷史事件：阿富汗戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)、蘇聯(lián)的解體、國(guó)家債務(wù)違約、車臣戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。這些經(jīng)歷給我們的心靈深處留下了不可磨滅的印記。我們每個(gè)人內(nèi)心深處都明白，我們熱愛(ài)自己國(guó)家，我們無(wú)需他國(guó)的土地。
 
Henk De Hoop
Ucra?ne will be glad to hear that.
 
烏克蘭聽(tīng)到這些可能會(huì)感到欣慰的。
 
Svetlana Cherkasova
For me, the criminal countries of NATO are not worthy of respect in anything. To praise our today's adversary is at least a betrayal. It is clear that to a greater extent this happened in the early stages with us out of habit. But now it's time to understand that the West is based on lies in everything, from statistics to trifles. Evil people and deceivers will thrive in evil, deceiving others and deceiving themselves.
 
在我看來(lái)，那些屬于北約的犯罪國(guó)家在任何層面上都不配得到尊重。對(duì)我們當(dāng)下的敵人加以贊美，這無(wú)異于背叛。這種情形在早期更多是出于習(xí)慣。但現(xiàn)在，我們必須明白，西方世界在所有事情上都充斥著謊言，從統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字到日?，嵤隆Ｄ切┳鲪旱娜撕推垓_者在惡劣的環(huán)境中會(huì)活得很好，他們既欺騙他人，也在自我欺騙。
 
Russell Person
My wife left Russia fifteen years ago to start a family. A family where she knew her child(ren) would enjoy much greater opportunities.
She earned $100 a month as a orthopedic surgeon, working eight or nine twenty four hour shifts in Moscow. This is when the average pay in Russia was $500 a month. She earned a Phd in medicine and received a $25 a month raise, but it was slow to come. The people who printed it, wanted a $20 bribe to make it.
Why do young people leave Russia?
 
我的妻子十五年前離開(kāi)了俄羅斯，目的是為了建立一個(gè)家庭，她知道在那里她的孩子會(huì)有更多、更好的機(jī)會(huì)。
她在莫斯科作為一名骨科外科醫(yī)生，每月的收入僅有100美元，且需輪班工作，每班時(shí)長(zhǎng)達(dá)到24小時(shí)，有時(shí)甚至連續(xù)工作八到九個(gè)班次。與此同時(shí)，俄羅斯的平均工資是每月500美元。盡管她獲得了醫(yī)學(xué)博士學(xué)位，并且本應(yīng)得到每月25美元的加薪，但這加薪卻遲遲沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)。原因是負(fù)責(zé)打印學(xué)位證書的人員索要20美元的賄賂。
那么，為什么年輕人要離開(kāi)俄羅斯呢？
 
Danila Volodarskey
For the same reason young people leave other countries.
Some dislike the government and its policies, and believe that things are going to be much different across the border.
Others seek better education or employment opportunities, which might make a lot of sense in the sectors that are either underdeveloped in Russia (such as, for instance, electronic hardware development) or underpaid compared to some of the other nations (such as medicine or science).
 
年輕人離開(kāi)俄羅斯的原因與他們離開(kāi)其他國(guó)家的原因相同。
一些人對(duì)政府及其政策感到不滿，認(rèn)為邊境另一邊的生活會(huì)有很大不同。還有一些人追求更優(yōu)質(zhì)的教育資源或更豐富的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)，這在俄羅斯某些尚未充分發(fā)展的行業(yè)（如電子硬件開(kāi)發(fā)）或與其他國(guó)家相比待遇較低的領(lǐng)域（如醫(yī)學(xué)或科學(xué)研究）中顯得尤為重要。
 
Yet others might be fleeing persecution, whether real (which is the case with Chechen homosexuals or Caucasian blood feuds) or imagined (which is more often the case with political activists).
Generally speaking, the net emigration numbers are relatively low, compared to, say, Germany: it saw 1,135,000 departures in 2017 with its 83 million citizens, while Rosstat reports 377,000 departures from Russia with its 146 million citizens in the same year. Even if the number is understated by up to six times, as the immigration statistics from the receiving nations seem to imply (Rosstat only counts the emigrants who formally abolish their permanent settlement registration in Russia), the per capita emigration is still significantly lower, and immigration easily outpaces it by a couple hundred thousand people yearly.
 
還有一部分人可能正在逃離迫害，這可能是真實(shí)存在的（例如車臣地區(qū)的同性戀者或高加索地區(qū)的血仇問(wèn)題），或者想象中的（這種情況更常見(jiàn)于政治活動(dòng)家）。
總體來(lái)看，與德國(guó)等國(guó)家相比，俄羅斯的凈移民流出人數(shù)相對(duì)較少：德國(guó)在2017年有8300萬(wàn)居民，卻有113.5萬(wàn)人選擇離開(kāi)；而俄羅斯同年有1.46億居民，離開(kāi)的人數(shù)為37.7萬(wàn)。即使考慮到接收國(guó)的移民統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)顯示，俄羅斯的移民流出人數(shù)被低估的程度可能高達(dá)六倍（因?yàn)槎砹_斯統(tǒng)計(jì)局只計(jì)算那些正式取消了在俄羅斯的永久居留登記的移民），俄羅斯的人均移民流出率仍然顯著較低，而且每年的移民流入人數(shù)也遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)流出人數(shù)，每年多出數(shù)十萬(wàn)人。
 
Gil McQueen
Young people want to leave Russia because Putin’s Ruzzia, is currently the biggest psychiatric hospital in the world.
 
年輕人想要離開(kāi)俄羅斯，因?yàn)槠站┱茩?quán)的俄羅斯是目前世界上最大的精神病院。
 
Marina D Samoylovich
Either because of religious persecution or to make more money. America is the richest country. Less fortunate younger people may want to explore other countries. Those who have a lot of money don’t have to move to another country.
 
要么是因?yàn)樽诮唐群?，要么是為了賺更多的錢。美國(guó)是最富有的國(guó)家。不那么幸運(yùn)的年輕人可能想要探索其他國(guó)家，那些有很多錢的人則不必搬到另一個(gè)國(guó)家。
 
Vasily Kacherskiy
Young people all over the world want to leave their countries. Also, they want to go somewhere that is different, they want to explore the world.
It's 2020, there are thousands of things you can do, and traveling is one of them. I have a few friends who are thinking about permanently moving to the United States.
Me, I would like to live in America , or maybe England, or Germany. I speak those languages, I have opportunity outside of Russia.
You see why people in Russia, and world wide want to leave their countries?
 
全世界的年輕人都想離開(kāi)自己的國(guó)家。此外，他們想去不同的地方，他們想探索這個(gè)世界。
2020年了，人們可以選擇做的事情有很多，旅行探索便是其中之一。我身邊就有幾個(gè)朋友正在考慮永久性地搬到美國(guó)去。
就我個(gè)人而言，我也希望生活在美國(guó)，或者可能是英國(guó)、或德國(guó)。我掌握了這些國(guó)家的語(yǔ)言，所以在俄羅斯之外我有更多的機(jī)會(huì)。
你能理解為什么俄羅斯人以及全世界的人們都想要離開(kāi)自己的國(guó)家嗎？（這是因?yàn)樗麄冏非蟮氖歉鼜V闊的視野和更多的機(jī)遇。）