外網(wǎng)熱議：古代中國(guó)人是如何備考科舉的？難道他們只是日復(fù)一日地反復(fù)誦讀那幾十卷經(jīng)書嗎？
How did the ancient Chinese study for the imperial examination? Did they just repeatedly read dozens of scrolls every day?
譯文簡(jiǎn)介
答案并非一目了然，原因之一是：科舉考試最早在隋朝出現(xiàn)，并在唐朝發(fā)展成為一套完整的體系。它持續(xù)了一千多年。正因?yàn)槿绱耍瑸榱送晟瓶荚囍贫?，進(jìn)行了許多改革。
正文翻譯
答案并非一目了然，原因之一是：科舉考試最早在隋朝出現(xiàn)，并在唐朝發(fā)展成為一套完整的體系。它持續(xù)了一千多年。正因?yàn)槿绱?，為了完善考試制度，進(jìn)行了許多改革。
評(píng)論翻譯
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Thanks for the A2A.
The answer is not immediately obvious, for one reason. The Imperial Examination first started in its prototype form in the Sui Dynasty, and developed into a complete system in the Tang Dynasty. It has continued for over a thousand years. Because of this, there have been many changes that were implemented to improve the examination system. Therefore, some details of the Imperial Examination might just be “for this particular Dynasty only,” but when we broadly talk about it, I might have wrongly drew a conclusion that the practice was for all periods (if possible, I will outline when such changes have been made).
感謝邀請(qǐng)回答。
答案并非一目了然，原因之一是：科舉考試最早在隋朝出現(xiàn)，并在唐朝發(fā)展成為一套完整的體系。它持續(xù)了一千多年。正因?yàn)槿绱耍瑸榱送晟瓶荚囍贫?，進(jìn)行了許多改革。因此，科舉考試的一些細(xì)節(jié)可能只是“針對(duì)特定朝代”，但當(dāng)我們泛泛而談時(shí)，可能會(huì)錯(cuò)誤地得出結(jié)論認(rèn)為這種做法適用于所有時(shí)期（如果可能，我將概述何時(shí)進(jìn)行了此類更改）。
The Imperial Examination always focused on Confucianism texts, but it had two specific subjects: 明經(jīng) (ming-jing) and 進(jìn)士 (jin-shi). One roughly translates to “understanding the texts,” and the other means “forward/progressive scholar.”
科舉考試始終以儒家經(jīng)典為重點(diǎn)，但它有兩個(gè)具體科目：明經(jīng)和進(jìn)士。前者大致翻譯為“理解經(jīng)文”，后者則意為“進(jìn)取/進(jìn)步的學(xué)者”。
(There’s a reason why we always say: “Confucius said…” because this was literally “gonna be on the exams!”)
（我們總是說(shuō)：“孔子曰……”是有原因的，因?yàn)檫@簡(jiǎn)直就是“考試必考！”）
明經(jīng) was more like reading and comprehension; certain sections of text were picked and you would draw upon Confucian texts to address them.
進(jìn)士 was essay writing with social commentary. This is generally considered the more well-known form of Imperial Examination. In the mid-Song Dynasty (Wang Anshi era), this became the only course for examination.
Some estimates state that 明經(jīng) had a 10–20% pass rate, while 進(jìn)士 had a 1–2%. Also, you would expect that 明經(jīng) was much easier to answer in an exam. There was a slogan: 三十老明經(jīng)，五十少進(jìn)士, “thirty is too old for ming-jing, fifty is still young enough for jin-shi.”
如果我做一個(gè)粗略的現(xiàn)代比較：
明經(jīng)更像是閱讀理解；會(huì)選取文本的某些部分，你需要引用儒家經(jīng)典來(lái)解答。
進(jìn)士是帶有社會(huì)評(píng)論的議論文寫作。這通常被認(rèn)為是更廣為人知的科舉形式。在宋朝中期（王安石時(shí)期），這成為唯一的考試科目。
一些估計(jì)表明，明經(jīng)的通過(guò)率在10-20%之間，而進(jìn)士的通過(guò)率在1-2%之間。而且，你會(huì)覺(jué)得明經(jīng)在考試中更容易作答。當(dāng)時(shí)有一句口號(hào)：三十老明經(jīng)，五十少進(jìn)士，“三十歲考明經(jīng)太老，五十歲考進(jìn)士還年輕?！?/b>
Provincial level: This level gathered all scholars of the local region for examination. Different regions had different academic levels, but examinees were not allowed to migrate to different areas just to get an easy pass. Those who pass were given the title 舉人 (ju-ren) while the top 1 gets the title 解元 (jie-yuan). A 舉人 was not an official minister, but had an honourary social status even if he didn’t progress further.
National level: This is the most common version of the exam we know and see in fictional works. For those who passed the first stage, you’ve earned the right to attend the national level exam held in the capital city. Those from far provinces would have to make their travel arrangements there, sometimes it wasn’t an easy process. This exam was graded by the Department of Rites 禮部.
Imperial level: This stage was added in the Song Dynasty, and was overseen by Emperor himself! (or a high-ranking representative) This didn’t have a set format, sometimes the Emperor would ask you to elaborate a part of your essay, or give you a specific scenario or interview. Unlike the last two, examinees who make it to this stage usually pass, barring some exception circumstances like being caught cheating or saying something controversial. They were still given a ranking and the highest one was the legendary 狀元 (zhuang-yuan).
Because of the very nature of essay writing, the exams were usually graded subjectively. It was extremely rare for one to get 1st place in all three exam stages. Those who do are called 連中三元, and there had only been 16 in the entire thousand year history of Imperial Examinations!
科舉考試還有三個(gè)階段：
鄉(xiāng)試（省級(jí)）：這一級(jí)別匯集了當(dāng)?shù)厮惺孔舆M(jìn)行考試。不同地區(qū)的學(xué)術(shù)水平不同，但考生不允許為了通過(guò)考試而遷徙到其他地區(qū)。通過(guò)者被授予“舉人”稱號(hào)，而第一名則獲得“解元”稱號(hào)。舉人并非正式官員，但即使未能晉升，也享有榮譽(yù)社會(huì)地位。
會(huì)試（國(guó)家級(jí)）：這是我們所熟知、在文學(xué)作品中常見的考試版本。通過(guò)第一階段的考生，獲得了參加在京城舉行的國(guó)家級(jí)考試的權(quán)利。來(lái)自偏遠(yuǎn)省份的考生需要自行安排行程，有時(shí)這并非易事。這項(xiàng)考試由禮部評(píng)判。
殿試（皇帝級(jí)）：這一階段在宋朝增加，由皇帝親自（或由高級(jí)代表）主持！它沒(méi)有固定的形式，有時(shí)皇帝會(huì)要求你詳細(xì)闡述文章的某個(gè)部分，或者給你一個(gè)特定的場(chǎng)景進(jìn)行面試。與前兩個(gè)階段不同，進(jìn)入這一階段的考生通常會(huì)通過(guò)，除非有作弊或發(fā)表爭(zhēng)議言論等特殊情況。他們?nèi)詴?huì)獲得排名，最高者是傳說(shuō)中的狀元。
由于議論文寫作的性質(zhì)，考試通常是主觀評(píng)分。在所有三個(gè)考試階段都獲得第一名的情況極其罕見。做到這一點(diǎn)的人被稱為“連中三元”，在科舉考試長(zhǎng)達(dá)千年的歷史中，只有16人！
Now, onto the original question, how would one scholar study for the Imperial Examinations?
To be honest, if I time-travelled to ancient China, I would most definitely fail. Back when I was in high school I was very bad at essay writing. Don’t take my advice too seriously!
Read Confucianism texts. Confucianism as a social philosophy, and all exam questions ultimately would come from The Four Books and Five Classics 四書五經(jīng). However, to be a well-educated scholar, you were expected to read many other texts as well. When you write those essays, you would be praised if you drew reference from a variety of sources!
Build fame as a scholar and network with the scholarly community. There were many scholars who became well-known and famous in the circle before they’ve even attended the exam. Some scholars, upon entering the capital for examination, became students to high-ranking scholar ministers. Even if their mentors could not grant them favourable marks in the exam (exam essays had the author name classified, to avoid cheating), their mentors might promote their fame or make recommendations even if they didn’t pass. For example, Wang Yangming actually failed his first and second exams, with some speculation that he was already quite famous and the examiners intentionally failed him to not make him cocky.
現(xiàn)在，回到最初的問(wèn)題，一個(gè)士子如何備考科舉？
老實(shí)說(shuō)，如果我穿越回古代中國(guó)，我肯定會(huì)考砸。我高中時(shí)作文寫得很差。所以別把我的建議太當(dāng)真！
閱讀儒家經(jīng)典。 儒家是一種社會(huì)哲學(xué)，所有考題最終都出自《四書五經(jīng)》。然而，作為一個(gè)受過(guò)良好教育的士子，你還需要閱讀許多其他典籍。如果你在寫文章時(shí)能引經(jīng)據(jù)典，博采眾長(zhǎng)，會(huì)受到贊揚(yáng)！
熟悉議論文寫作技巧。 議論文寫作遵循特定的格式，到明代，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)格式被稱為“八股文”。在文章格式方面，有要求：“如何寫引言”、“如何闡述你的主要論點(diǎn)”、“你的結(jié)論必須有多長(zhǎng)”。如果你忘記寫合適的引言或結(jié)論，或者論點(diǎn)過(guò)多或過(guò)少，你的文章就會(huì)不及格。高水平的八股文被詳細(xì)記錄并廣為流傳，是準(zhǔn)備考試的士子必讀之物。把它想象成準(zhǔn)備大學(xué)考試，并購(gòu)買一本“20xx年獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)撐募薄?br /> 建立士子名聲，并與士子群體建立聯(lián)系。 許多士子在參加考試之前就已經(jīng)在圈子里小有名氣。有些士子在進(jìn)京趕考時(shí)，會(huì)成為高級(jí)官員的門生。即使他們的導(dǎo)師無(wú)法在考試中給予他們優(yōu)待（考卷上作者姓名是保密的，以避免作弊），但他們的導(dǎo)師可能會(huì)廣為傳播，或者即使他們沒(méi)有通過(guò)考試也會(huì)給予推薦。例如，王陽(yáng)明實(shí)際上第一次和第二次考試都失敗了，有人猜測(cè)他當(dāng)時(shí)已經(jīng)很有名了，考官故意讓他不及格，以免他驕傲自滿。
As a side note, I’m sure many people know about this man named Hong xiuquan. He was unsatisfied with his life, declared himself brother of Jesus Christ, and started a Christian cult that brewed into a civil war that killed 30–40 million people.
Regarding his own attempts, he did indeed fail his Imperial Examination. He didn’t fail once, he failed four times. Also, he only ever attended Guangzhou regional exams - the first stage.
Though as we know, the exams only had a 1–2% chance of passing, so he was far from the only one. There were many scholars who spent their entire lives studying and preparing for examinations, never really getting there in the end.
順便提一下，我敢肯定很多人都知道洪秀全這個(gè)人。他對(duì)自己的生活不滿，自稱是耶穌基督的兄弟，并創(chuàng)立了一個(gè)基督教邪教，最終演變成一場(chǎng)導(dǎo)致3000萬(wàn)至4000萬(wàn)人死亡的內(nèi)戰(zhàn)。
關(guān)于他自己的考試嘗試，他確實(shí)在科舉考試中落榜了。他不是失敗了一次，而是失敗了四次。而且，他只參加過(guò)廣州的鄉(xiāng)試——也就是第一階段。
然而，眾所周知，科舉考試的通過(guò)率只有1-2%，所以他遠(yuǎn)非唯一一個(gè)。有許多士子一生都在學(xué)習(xí)和準(zhǔn)備考試，最終卻從未成功。
Lynne Li
Thanks for asking.
It’s a little bit complicated, since apart from writing answers to questions about ancient canons, for instance, Four Books of Confucian Canons, i.e., Great Learning, or 大學(xué) in Chinese, Doctrine of the Mean, or 中庸 in Chinese, Analects, or 論語(yǔ) in Chinese, and Mencius, or 孟子 in Chinese, there were other kinds of questions in these examinations.
感謝提問(wèn)。
這有點(diǎn)復(fù)雜，因?yàn)槌嘶卮痍P(guān)于古代經(jīng)典的問(wèn)題，例如儒家四書，即《大學(xué)》、《中庸》、《論語(yǔ)》和《孟子》之外，這些考試中還有其他類型的問(wèn)題。
這是一幅殿試的畫作，殿試是科舉制度中最高級(jí)別的考試。
For instance, there is a category, 策問(wèn), which could be translated as policy questions in English, centered on the more practical and relevant questions concerning about the governing and managing the state, since this system was used as a tool to sext competent candidates to staff the bureaucracy.
例如，有一個(gè)類別叫做“策問(wèn)”，在英語(yǔ)中可以翻譯為政策問(wèn)題，它側(cè)重于有關(guān)治國(guó)理政的更實(shí)際和相關(guān)的問(wèn)題，因?yàn)檫@個(gè)系統(tǒng)是用來(lái)選拔有能力的候選人來(lái)充實(shí)官僚機(jī)構(gòu)的工具。
下面兩張圖可以說(shuō)明這一點(diǎn)。第一張圖顯示了1474年至1600年間，應(yīng)天府（即南京市）考試中出現(xiàn)頻率最高的15種題型的百分比。
The second one mentioned the percentage of Top 15 kinds of questions that appeared in the examinations in Zhejiang Province, from 1646 to 1859. These two pictures are from a book, Civil Examinations and Meritocracy in Late Imperial China, by Professor Benjamin Elman. They are on the page of 253 and 254, repsectively.
第二張圖顯示了1646年至1859年間，浙江省考試中出現(xiàn)頻率最高的15種題型的百分比。這兩張圖均選自本杰明·埃爾曼教授的著作《晚期中華帝國(guó)的科舉與精英管理》，分別位于第253頁(yè)和第254頁(yè)。
As you see, these candidates not only needed to memorise the ancient classics, they also needed to keep abreast of the current affairs and learn about other subjects, such as, Law, National Defense and Military Matters.
正如你所看到的，這些考生不僅需要記憶古代經(jīng)典，還需要了解時(shí)事，學(xué)習(xí)其他科目，例如法律、國(guó)防和軍事事務(wù)。
Let's looked at the questions of the imperial examination system of the Qing Dynasty.
The first part is about history.
我們來(lái)看看清朝科舉考試的題目。
第一部分是關(guān)于歷史的。
Question 1 is about how to establish a national system
Question 2 is about how to put down border rebellion
Question 3 is about how to modify laws and national systems.
Question 4: How to recruit outstanding talents
Question 5, about response and negotiation in war
問(wèn)題1是關(guān)于如何建立國(guó)家制度的。
問(wèn)題2是關(guān)于如何平定邊疆叛亂的。
問(wèn)題3是關(guān)于如何修改法律和國(guó)家制度的。
問(wèn)題4：如何招募優(yōu)秀人才。
問(wèn)題5：關(guān)于戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中的應(yīng)對(duì)與談判。
What does this title mean? This is about two things. The first is that in the second year of Xuanhe by Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty, that is, 1120 AD, the Northern Song Dynasty and the Jin Dynasty formed an alliance to break the Liao Dynasty; the second is that in the first year of Duanping by Emperor Lizong of the Song Dynasty, that is, in 1234 AD, the Southern Song Dynasty and the Yuan Dynasty were destroyed. Gold thing. Just knowing this is not enough. This is a policy thesis, which is to prove this issue. Why did the Northern Song Dynasty unite with the Jin Dynasty? Why did the Southern Song Dynasty unite with the Yuan Dynasty? Is this reasonable? I just want to ask the candidates whether it is advisable to "use barbarians to control barbarians"?
問(wèn)題5的分析如下：
這個(gè)題目是什么意思？這涉及兩件事。第一是宋徽宗宣和二年，即公元1120年，北宋與金朝結(jié)盟攻遼；第二是宋理宗端平元年，即公元1234年，南宋與元朝聯(lián)手滅金。僅僅知道這些是不夠的。這是一篇策論文，旨在論證這個(gè)問(wèn)題。北宋為何要聯(lián)金？南宋為何要聯(lián)元？這合理嗎？我只是想問(wèn)問(wèn)考生，“以夷制夷”是否可?。?/b>
這個(gè)問(wèn)題必須結(jié)合當(dāng)時(shí)中國(guó)所處的國(guó)際形勢(shì)來(lái)分析，也就是1904年。那時(shí)，清朝正被世界列強(qiáng)虎視眈眈。如何處理與外國(guó)的關(guān)系？尤其當(dāng)時(shí)，日俄戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)已經(jīng)爆發(fā)。日本和俄羅斯在中國(guó)東北的土地上作戰(zhàn)，爭(zhēng)奪對(duì)朝鮮半島和中國(guó)遼東半島的控制權(quán)。兩個(gè)鄰居打架，卻是在我家打。清朝人如何看待這件事？這兩個(gè)國(guó)家都在欺負(fù)我們，我們?cè)撛趺崔k？
如果中國(guó)要對(duì)付日本，應(yīng)該和俄羅斯交好嗎？如果遠(yuǎn)交近攻，會(huì)不會(huì)引狼入室？北宋聯(lián)金攻遼是為了收復(fù)燕趙之地。成功了嗎？南宋聯(lián)元圍困被困在蔡州的金哀宗。滅金的后果是什么？雖然他們暫時(shí)報(bào)了金滅北宋的恥辱，但下一步就是被元朝滅亡！這個(gè)教訓(xùn)太大了！作為一名學(xué)生，你如何看待中國(guó)當(dāng)前的國(guó)際形勢(shì)？這是為了考察考生通過(guò)歷史分析當(dāng)下、通過(guò)歷史興衰理解當(dāng)今世界治理的分析能力。
第二部分是關(guān)于世界各國(guó)的政治和技術(shù)。
The third part is the theory of Confucianism
第三部分是儒家思想理論。
The fourth part is based on your own knowledge, how do you govern the country's politics, military, economy, and culture.
第四部分是根據(jù)你自己的知識(shí)，你如何治理國(guó)家的政治、軍事、經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化。
According to this real test question, if you must be proficient in history, literature, economics, various technologies, national systems, military management, etc., you can pass the exam.
It can be said that as a top scholar, you have a doctorate in all subjects including history, literature, economics, technology, politics, and military.
根據(jù)這個(gè)真實(shí)的考題，你必須精通歷史、文學(xué)、經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、各種技術(shù)、國(guó)家制度、軍事管理等，才能通過(guò)考試。
可以說(shuō)，作為一名頂尖的士子，你擁有包括歷史、文學(xué)、經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、技術(shù)、政治和軍事在內(nèi)的所有學(xué)科的博士學(xué)位。
Actually it’s quite interesting question. Most Chinese even cannot anwser due to lack of interests and back ground knowledge. Let me try to explain from my understanding.
這實(shí)際上是一個(gè)相當(dāng)有趣的問(wèn)題。大多數(shù)中國(guó)人甚至無(wú)法回答，因?yàn)槿狈εd趣和相關(guān)背景知識(shí)。讓我嘗試從我的理解來(lái)解釋。
竹簡(jiǎn)制作的卷軸在漢代到唐代之間被紙質(zhì)書籍取代，這種變化持續(xù)了至少400年。而科舉考試制度始于隋朝，并在宋朝基本完善。這意味著，我們備考時(shí)讀的是書，而不是卷軸。
另一方面，科舉考試是進(jìn)入官僚體系的途徑?；实坌枰x拔有能力的人來(lái)幫助他治理國(guó)家，所以標(biāo)準(zhǔn)必須嚴(yán)格。
There’s 6 items of the exam, used to sext talents suitable for different fields. They’re 秀才科 (general), 明經(jīng)科 (explain the classical), 俊士科 (draft instrument), 進(jìn)士科 (design policy), 明法科 (draft law), 明字科 (paper work, high requirement of hand writing and speed), 明算科 (math, statistical calculation)
考試有六個(gè)科目，用于選拔適合不同領(lǐng)域的人才。它們是：秀才科（普通類）、明經(jīng)科（解釋經(jīng)典）、俊士科（起草文書）、進(jìn)士科（設(shè)計(jì)政策）、明法科（起草法律）、明字科（文書工作，對(duì)書寫和速度要求高）、明算科（數(shù)學(xué)，統(tǒng)計(jì)計(jì)算）。
Besides these, in Ming and Qing Dynasty, the Emperor opened 武科, which means good skill of fight and command. It’s the only way to be a commander in peace time.
除此之外，在明清兩代，皇帝還開設(shè)了武科，這意味著需要具備良好的戰(zhàn)斗和指揮技能。這是和平時(shí)期成為指揮官的唯一途徑。
以健康的方式治理帝國(guó)是一項(xiàng)非常復(fù)雜的工作。僅僅重復(fù)閱讀有限的書籍是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠的。
第三部分是儒家思想理論。
In a Japanese animation, not at all the best source of history, the story is recounted of the fist and last woman to pass the exams and also the youngest boy to ever take the exams.
在一個(gè)日本動(dòng)畫片中，雖然絕非最佳的歷史來(lái)源，但講述了第一個(gè)也是最后一個(gè)通過(guò)考試的女性，以及有史以來(lái)參加考試最年輕的男孩的故事。
這個(gè)男孩很窮，所以他常常無(wú)法練習(xí)寫作，直到冬天來(lái)臨，他才能在雪地上寫象形文字。
Mathematics was also important.
History was a big part of the exams and you had to know the various bureaucracies and their functions too and how they interacted.
因?yàn)槟惚仨氶喿x和寫作，而可能需要學(xué)習(xí)大約6000個(gè)不同的符號(hào)。
數(shù)學(xué)也很重要。
歷史是考試的重要組成部分，你還必須了解各種官僚機(jī)構(gòu)及其職能，以及它們?nèi)绾蜗嗷プ饔谩?/b>
禮儀或恰當(dāng)?shù)男袨橐彩潜匦璧?，特別是與同僚官員以及各種皇室成員的關(guān)系。——舉一個(gè)儒家經(jīng)典中得到很好支持的例子，如果你不想見的人送你一只豬作為禮物，比如火腿、培根等，你絕對(duì)需要親自去拜訪他們，感謝這份禮物?！鬃泳褪峭ㄟ^(guò)這種送豬的策略，被引誘出隱居地，被迫接受了一份政府工作。
While pottery has been found in trash piles in Israel with writing on it, often random words, probably done by a youth there who wold literally write on anything he could找到, even the shards of a broken pot so the poor sometimes learning to read and write is not unthinkable.
雖然在以色列的垃圾堆中發(fā)現(xiàn)了帶有文字的陶器，通常是隨意寫的詞語(yǔ)，可能是一個(gè)年輕人寫的，他會(huì) literalmente（此處原文英文為literally，可能想表達(dá)“真的”）在任何能找到的東西上寫字，甚至是破碎陶片的碎片，所以窮人有時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)讀寫難到不可想象。
第四部分是基于你自己的知識(shí)，你如何治理國(guó)家的政治、軍事、經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化。
It can be said that as a top scholar, you have a doctorate in all subjects including history, literature, economics, technology, politics, and military.
根據(jù)這個(gè)真實(shí)的考題，你必須精通歷史、文學(xué)、經(jīng)濟(jì)、各種技術(shù)、國(guó)家制度、軍事管理等，才能通過(guò)考試。
可以說(shuō)，作為一名頂尖的士子，你擁有歷史、文學(xué)、經(jīng)濟(jì)、技術(shù)、政治和軍事等所有學(xué)科的博士學(xué)位。
The imperial examination system in ancient China was a way for individuals to enter government service, and it was based on knowledge of Confucian classics and Chinese literature. To prepare for the examination, candidates would typically spend several years studying with a private tutor or at a school. They would focus on memorizing and understanding the Confucian classics, as well as learning how to write in the literary style that was required for the examination. It would not be uncommon for candidates to read dozens of scrolls every day in order to prepare. Additionally, they would also practice writing essays and giving oral presentations, which were also part of the examination.
中國(guó)古代的科舉制度是個(gè)人進(jìn)入政府服務(wù)的一種途徑，它以儒家經(jīng)典和中國(guó)文學(xué)知識(shí)為基礎(chǔ)。為了準(zhǔn)備考試，考生通常會(huì)花幾年時(shí)間與私人教師或在學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)。他們會(huì)專注于記憶和理解儒家經(jīng)典，以及學(xué)習(xí)如何以考試所需的文學(xué)風(fēng)格寫作?？忌刻扉喿x幾十卷書來(lái)準(zhǔn)備考試并不少見。此外，他們還會(huì)練習(xí)寫文章和進(jìn)行口頭陳述，這也是考試的一部分。