網(wǎng)友熱議：像印度和中國這樣的國家，在糧食產(chǎn)量不足以養(yǎng)活所有人的情況下，是如何維持如此龐大的人口的？

Kanthaswamy Balasubramaniam
With all our outdated agricultural practices and our literally zero effort to improve efficiency in the last 35–40 years
India still produces more food than we consume
盡管我們的農(nóng)業(yè)實踐陳舊過時，并且在過去35-40年里，我們在提高效率方面幾乎毫無作為，
印度生產(chǎn)的糧食仍然超過我們自身的消費量。


We have almost 52% of Land under Cultivation which is why we can manage this
This is fast shrinking
It's estimated that by 2030, you will have only 40% Land under Cultivation and unless you improve Yield by 25% or more, you will start to be forced to improve foodgrains
我們擁有近52%的土地用于耕種，這就是我們目前還能維持的原因。
但這個比例正在迅速萎縮。
據(jù)估計，到2030年，僅有40%的土地可用于耕種。除非將產(chǎn)量提高25%或更多，否則我們將被迫進口糧食（原句有筆誤，根據(jù)上下文推斷應為“import foodgrains”）。

The Reason for India's ability to sustain itself includes:—
High Yield Seeds over Lousy 'Naatu’ Seeds as advocated by 90% of Kollywood movies
Beautiful Inorganic Fertilizers and Pesticides loaded with Nitrates over 'Organic’ manure fertilizers
Huge Percentage of Land Area under Cultivation
印度能夠維持自給自足的原因包括：—
使用高產(chǎn)種子，而非泰米爾電影90%所鼓吹的劣質(zhì)“本地”種子；
使用富含硝酸鹽的高效無機化肥和農(nóng)藥，而非“有機”糞肥；
擁有極高比例的土地用于耕種。

India's greatest challenges:—
Lesser Land under Cultivation by the day due to Urbanization and Industrialization
Outdated Agricultural Practices
Small & Unsustainable Landholdings
印度面臨的最大挑戰(zhàn)：—
由于城市化和工業(yè)化，耕地面積日益減少；
農(nóng)業(yè)實踐陳舊過時；
土地持有規(guī)模小且不可持續(xù)。

China is already slowly in trouble
China is much much more efficient than India in every facet of Agriculture
Yet China imports between 9–11% Foodgrains, 15%-20% Pork & Beef , 30% Corn and almost 65% Soybeans
中國已經(jīng)慢慢陷入困境。
中國在農(nóng)業(yè)的各個方面都比印度高效得多。
然而，中國仍需進口9-11%的糧食、15%-20%的豬肉和牛肉、30%的玉米以及近65%的大豆。

The reason is that they only have 11.4% Land under Cultivation due to their rapid industrialization of the last 35 years
Its entirely due to their efficiency that they still produce an aggregate of 76% of their Foodgrains domestically
原因在于，由于過去35年的快速工業(yè)化，他們只有11.4%的土地用于耕種。
完全得益于其高效率，他們國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)的糧食總量仍能滿足自身需求的76%。

They focus on Higher Yield Seeds, Urban farming, Vertical Farming and Focus on Storage etc to ensure they can maximize their food security
他們專注于高產(chǎn)種子、城市農(nóng)業(yè)、垂直農(nóng)業(yè)以及注重倉儲等，以確保最大限度地保障糧食安全。




Ayyappan Ambati
Wrong India produce more than what is needed.
“印度生產(chǎn)超過需求”的說法是錯誤的。

Only time India was food insecure was during colonial British era and that too from 1857 to 1947. How does India do that when just 75 years back on the eve of independence from the British, British induced artificial famines had killed 45 million Indians in 75 years from 1852 to 1947? How did India achieve self sufficiency in food grain production in a mere 20 years after independence.
印度唯一出現(xiàn)糧食不安全是在英國殖民時期，確切地說是從1857年到1947年。想想看，就在75年前脫離英國獨立前夕，在1852年至1947年的75年間，英國人造成的人為饑荒已導致4500萬印度人死亡，印度是如何在獨立后短短20年內(nèi)就實現(xiàn)糧食自給自足的呢？

It was another shameful famine just after Independence, and so called American charity food aid (actually in return for access to rare earth Thorium in Kerala sands) which made PM Lal Bahadur Shastri and later on Indira Gandhi realize that food security is paramount for the world’s 2nd largest population (approx. 450 million at that time).
獨立后不久又發(fā)生了一次可恥的饑荒，以及所謂的美國慈善糧食援助（實際上是為了換取喀拉拉邦沙灘中的稀土元素釷），這使得拉爾·巴哈杜爾·夏斯特里總理以及后來的英迪拉·甘地認識到，對于當時世界第二大人口（約4.5億）的國家，糧食安全至關重要。

The green revolution under an able Tamil agroscientist MS Swaminathan - a Kerala university graduate (famous later years for his work on World famous Kerala Kuttanad wetland package Programme report), lifted food grain production to unseen heights. Nehruvian Dam building spree had already diminished the effects of perennial droughts.
由能干的泰米爾農(nóng)學家M.S.斯瓦米納坦（一位喀拉拉大學畢業(yè)，晚年因參與世界著名的喀拉拉庫塔納德濕地綜合規(guī)劃報告而聞名）領導的綠色革命，將糧食產(chǎn)量提升到了前所未有的高度。尼赫魯時期的大壩建設熱潮已經(jīng)減輕了長期干旱的影響。

Similarly “white revolution” under a Keralite bureaucrat and scientist named Kurian, provided Milk and diary sufficiency besides creating a new model of Diary business - Public cooperatives through the famous AMUL cooperative.
同樣，在喀拉拉邦官僚兼科學家Verghese Kurian領導下推行的“白色革命”，不僅實現(xiàn)了牛奶和乳制品的自給自足，還通過著名的阿穆爾合作社（AMUL）開創(chuàng)了乳制品業(yè)務的新模式——公共合作社。

But India and China became two great civilizations even before that by being able to feed huge populations because of one single factor -the colossal HIMALAYAS and its Indian foothills to its south and the vast Tibetan plateau to its north east (approx. 8000 feet average height).
然而，印度和中國之所以在那之前就成為能夠養(yǎng)活龐大人口的偉大文明，都源于一個單一因素——巨大的喜馬拉雅山脈及其南麓的印度山麓地帶和東北部廣袤的青藏高原（平均海拔約8000英尺）。

This so called “roof of the world” is also the world’s water tower -the largest fresh water source of the world (other than probably Antarctica). Himalayas easily sustain agriculture year round in the Indian subcontinent even before dams and man made irrigation systems were made. Read on if you want to know how?
這座所謂的“世界屋脊”也是世界的水塔——世界上最大的淡水來源（可能僅次于南極洲）。即使在修建水壩和人工灌溉系統(tǒng)之前，喜馬拉雅山脈就輕易地維持著印度次大陸全年的農(nóng)業(yè)活動。想知道它是如何做到的嗎？請繼續(xù)閱讀。

The Himalayas during peak summer (May onwards) first attract then block moist air sucked up from the Indian ocean in south (south west monsoon) and gives rain in the entire subcontinent for 3 to 4 months triggering the south east monsoon rains from June to Sept depending on the location.
在盛夏時節(jié)（五月起），喜馬拉雅山脈首先吸引然后阻擋從南部印度洋吸上來的濕潤空氣（西南季風），給整個次大陸帶來持續(xù)3到4個月的降雨，從六月到九月（具體時間因地點而異）引發(fā)東南季風雨。

Agriculture becomes easy during this period due to the intense rains in the Gangetic plains of north and deccan plateau and coastal highlands (the ghats) of the south.
由于北部恒河平原、德干高原以及南部沿海高地（西高止山脈）的強降雨，這一時期農(nóng)業(yè)變得容易。

In addition a large number of rivers emanating from the Himalayas and crisscrossing the Gangetic northern plains and rivers emanating from the deccan plateau and southern coastal highland ghats and cutting across the southern plains add to the water available for agriculture.
此外，眾多發(fā)源于喜馬拉雅山脈、縱橫交錯于恒河北部平原的河流，以及發(fā)源于德干高原和南部沿海高地山脈（高止山脈）、橫穿南部平原的河流，都增加了可用于農(nóng)業(yè)的水資源。

Come mid Sept &Autumn and Himalayas does an about turn and reverses the now moisture less dry cold air from its slopes back to the Indian ocean from where the monsoons originally started.
到了九月中旬和秋季，喜馬拉雅山脈來個急轉(zhuǎn)彎，將現(xiàn)在已失去水分的干燥冷空氣從其斜坡推回季風最初起源的印度洋。

On the way this air picks up moisture from the Bay of Bengal and gives even more rain over the southern Deccan plateau well into November end, feeding rain fed rivers there.
在返回途中，這股氣流從孟加拉灣吸收水分，給南部德干高原帶來更多降雨，一直持續(xù)到十一月底，滋養(yǎng)了那里的雨源河流。

Thus from May to Nov some or the other part of India is receiving heavy rainfall. This in nutshell is the story of the Monsoons (southeast and northwest monsoons joined together in a fertile rainy tango).
因此，從五月到十一月，印度的某些地區(qū)總會迎來強降雨。簡而言之，這就是季風的故事（東南季風和西北季風共同演繹了一場豐饒的雨之探戈）。

This endless supply of rains occasionally causes floods over vast and numerous river flood plains, but also blesses them by depositing these plains with large tracts of fertile alluvial soil from where else but the Himalayas and the southern ghats, thus fulfilling the second most important requirement for agriculture after water i.e. fertile soil.
這無盡的雨水供應偶爾會在廣闊眾多的河流泛濫平原上引發(fā)洪水，但也賜福于這些平原，從喜馬拉雅山脈和南部高止山脈帶來了大片肥沃的沖積土壤沉積其上，從而滿足了農(nóng)業(yè)僅次于水的第二重要需求——肥沃的土壤。

Then during peak winters (Dec to Jan) the Himalayan rainfed rivers still has enough discharge left to sustain agriculture and life..
然后在嚴冬時節(jié)（十二月至一月），喜馬拉雅山脈的雨源河流仍有足夠的流量來維持農(nóng)業(yè)和生計。

Meanwhile the Himalayas also blocks high altitude western disturbances from the Mediterranean Sea from West from Oct to Feb.
與此同時，喜馬拉雅山脈也阻擋了十月份到二月份從西面地中海來的高空西風擾動。

They creates snowfall at the peaks which stores the water during winter as snow & glaciers in the higher reaches, while some precipitation in the lower reaches and foothills fall as rain which continues to feed the rain fed rivers in lesser quantity till Feb end.
這些擾動在高峰處形成降雪，將水以冰雪和冰川的形式儲存在高海拔地區(qū)；而在低海拔地區(qū)和山麓地帶，部分降水則以降雨形式落下，繼續(xù)以較少的量補給雨源河流，直到二月底。

But it is still winters when water is otherwise not needed too much for human and agriculture use, so this limited quantity is still sufficient for another crop to be raised during winters.
但此時仍是冬季，人類和農(nóng)業(yè)用水需求本就不大，所以這有限的水量仍足以在冬季種植另一季作物。

Come summer beginnings (end Feb to April) and rain fed rivers of the Himalayas becomes snow fed now.
夏季伊始（二月底至四月），喜馬拉雅山脈的雨源河流現(xiàn)在變成了雪源河流。

The snow and ice in the higher reaches starts melting and feeds the same Himalayan rivers in the Indo Gangetic plains that were rainfed till Feb.
高海拔地區(qū)的冰雪開始融化，滋養(yǎng)著印度恒河平原上的那些直到二月份還是雨源補給的喜馬拉雅河流。

By April end most of the snow other than those above the permanent snow line and glaciers, has already melted and the rivers are running low starting from April.
到四月底，永久雪線和冰川以上的雪大部分已經(jīng)融化，河流從四月起開始水位下降。

But agriculture still goes on because now the circle repeats itself and the monsoon cycle starts with pre=monsoon showers starting from May and full monsoons from June beginning turning the same rivers from snow fed back to rain fed.
但農(nóng)業(yè)活動仍在繼續(xù)，因為現(xiàn)在循環(huán)重新開始，季風周期隨著五月的季風前降雨拉開序幕，六月初的全面季風又將同樣的河流從雪源補給變回雨源補給。

Thus even before dams and irrigation canals existed, the Indian subcontinent could easily sustain 2 crops in an year and even a third crop during winters in the gangetic plains.
因此，即使在修建水壩和灌溉渠之前，印度次大陸就能輕松維持一年兩熟，甚至在恒河平原的冬季還能種第三季作物。

After dams and irrigation network even Central India which was most deficient in rains could sustain 2 crops while rest of India could easily sustain 3 crops.
在水壩和灌溉網(wǎng)絡建成后，即使是降雨最稀缺的中印度地區(qū)也能維持兩熟，而印度其他地區(qū)則能輕松實現(xiàn)三熟。

All this made agriculture and sustaining huge population easy. Add to this mix, new techniques, hybrid seeds, modern fertilizers. Now growing food for a huge population no longer becomes an insurmountable problem.
所有這一切使得農(nóng)業(yè)和養(yǎng)活龐大人口變得容易。再加上新技術、雜交種子、現(xiàn)代化肥的引入。現(xiàn)在，為龐大人口生產(chǎn)糧食不再是一個無法克服的問題。

For India the problems are wastage during harvesting, transportation and storage, and inefficiency in the Public distribution system (PDS), much of which has been mitigated to a large extent by Modi govt’s Aadhar ID enabled PDS.
對印度來說，問題在于收獲、運輸和儲存過程中的浪費，以及公共分配系統(tǒng)（PDS）的低效率，其中大部分問題已通過莫迪政府啟用阿達爾身份認證（Aadhar ID）的PDS在很大程度上得到了緩解。

If you look at a Google globe view you will notice most of the deserts in the world are that around the Tropic of Cancer which actually bisects India into North and South India.
如果你看一下谷歌地球視圖，你會注意到世界上大多數(shù)沙漠都位于北回歸線附近，而這條線正好將印度分為北印度和南印度。

The famous Sahara, Sahel, Gobi and Mexican deserts are a few. Most areas around this latitude are dry savannahs or deserts and are colored yellow on the globe. Only the huge Indian subcontinent and few small coastal countries and some highlands on this latitude are marked green indicating forests and agriculture.
著名的撒哈拉沙漠、薩赫勒地區(qū)、戈壁沙漠和墨西哥沙漠就是其中幾個。這條緯度線周圍的大部分地區(qū)都是干燥的稀樹草原或沙漠，在地球儀上顯示為黃色。只有巨大的印度次大陸以及少數(shù)幾個沿海小國和該緯度上的一些高地顯示為綠色，表示森林和農(nóng)業(yè)。

The Himalayas is the key here since it acts like a screen and block all moisture coming from Indian ocean stores it and releases it into the Indian subcontinent as required.
喜馬拉雅山脈是這里的關鍵，因為它像一道屏障，阻擋并儲存所有來自印度洋的水汽，然后根據(jù)需要將其釋放到印度次大陸。

It also blocks extreme cold winds coming from the north from Siberia and Mongolian cold deserts, keeping Indian winters mild and thus still amenable to winter crops.
它還阻擋了來自西伯利亞和蒙古寒冷沙漠的北方嚴寒氣流，使印度的冬季較為溫和，因此仍然適合種植冬季作物。

Miami, Beirut and Delhi lies almost on the same latitudes but Delhi rarely gets snow or goes below 0 Celsius because of the Himalayas blocking these cold northerly winds.
邁阿密、貝魯特和德里幾乎位于同一緯度，但由于喜馬拉雅山脈阻擋了這些寒冷的北風，德里很少下雪或氣溫低于零攝氏度。

India’s economic growth is so closely entwined with this dance of the monsoons, that monsoons are called the real budget maker of the country.
印度的經(jīng)濟增長與這場季風之舞如此緊密地交織在一起，以至于季風被稱為國家真正的預算制定者。

Actually it is the Himalayas (who stands tall above all and conducts this rainy orchestra with such finesse) that really deserves to be called the Finance minister of India.
實際上，是喜馬拉雅山脈（它巍然屹立，以如此精妙的方式指揮著這場雨季交響樂）才真正配得上被稱為印度的財政部長。


Glenn Lee
Please remember it is the food supply that drives the population instead of the other way around. Large food supply is possible when there is stable political system. A large population is directly related to a stable government and an adequate food supply over a longer period
請記住，是糧食供應驅(qū)動人口增長，而不是相反。只有在政治體系穩(wěn)定的情況下，才可能有大量的糧食供應。龐大的人口與穩(wěn)定的政府和長期充足的糧食供應直接相關。


Elizabeth Wang
India theoretically can feed its population despite the low crop yields compared to the international standards.
盡管印度的作物產(chǎn)量低于國際標準，但從理論上講，印度可以養(yǎng)活其人口。

Yet, the India government still allows food export when part of the Indian population can't meet their minimum required calories of the day.
然而，當部分印度人口無法滿足其每日最低所需熱量時，印度政府仍然允許糧食出口。

According to the global hunger index, India is placed 107th of 136 countries where data was collected (developed countries are excluded)[1] . I guess parts of the Indian population are barely surviving.
根據(jù)全球饑餓指數(shù)，在有數(shù)據(jù)收集的136個國家中，印度排在第107位（發(fā)達國家除外）[1]。我猜部分印度人口只是在勉強生存。

On contrast, China can feed its population without relying on imports. China even has strategic food reserves.
相比之下，中國可以不依賴進口養(yǎng)活其人口。中國甚至擁有戰(zhàn)略糧食儲備。

Food is imported as a mean to spend the trade surplus. Since China can't spend earned money on the latest foreign gadgets, why not focus on improving the food variety?
進口食品是消耗貿(mào)易順差的一種手段。既然中國無法將賺來的錢花在最新的外國小玩意上，何不專注于改善食品種類呢？


Manan Anand
India and China are two of the world's most populous countries, with India being the second-most populous country in the world and China being the most populous.
印度和中國是世界上人口最多的兩個國家，印度是世界第二大人口國，中國則是第一大人口國。

Both countries face challenges in feeding their large populations, but they have managed to maintain food security through a combination of factors, including agricultural practices, trade, and government policies.
兩國在養(yǎng)活其龐大人口方面都面臨挑戰(zhàn)，但它們通過結(jié)合農(nóng)業(yè)實踐、貿(mào)易和政府政策等多種因素，成功維持了糧食安全。

In India, the population is estimated to be around 1.39 billion people, and the country is the second-largest producer of food in the world after China.
在印度，人口估計約為13.9億，該國是僅次于中國的世界第二大糧食生產(chǎn)國。

India's agricultural sector accounts for around 17% of the country's GDP and employs approximately 50% of the workforce.
印度的農(nóng)業(yè)部門約占該國GDP的17%，并雇傭了大約50%的勞動力。

The country is self-sufficient in producing enough food to meet the needs of its population.
該國在生產(chǎn)足夠糧食以滿足其人口需求方面是自給自足的。

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), India produced 305.4 million tons of food in 2020, which includes 108.8 million tons of cereals, 186.7 million tons of vegetables, and 60.5 million tons of fruits.
根據(jù)聯(lián)合國糧食及農(nóng)業(yè)組織（FAO）的數(shù)據(jù)，印度在2020年生產(chǎn)了3.054億噸食物，其中包括1.088億噸谷物，1.867億噸蔬菜和6050萬噸水果。

However, despite the country's ability to produce enough food, there are still challenges in ensuring that everyone has access to it.
然而，盡管該國有能力生產(chǎn)足夠的糧食，但在確保每個人都能獲得糧食方面仍然存在挑戰(zhàn)。

According to the World Food Programme (WFP), approximately 194.4 million people in India are undernourished, which accounts for around 14% of the country's population.
根據(jù)世界糧食計劃署（WFP）的數(shù)據(jù)，印度約有1.944億人營養(yǎng)不良，約占該國人口的14%。

Similarly, in China, the population is estimated to be around 1.4 billion people.
同樣，在中國，人口估計約為14億。

China is the world's largest producer of food, and its agricultural sector accounts for around 9% of the country's GDP and employs approximately 25% of the workforce.
中國是世界最大的糧食生產(chǎn)國，其農(nóng)業(yè)部門約占該國GDP的9%，并雇傭了約25%的勞動力。

According to the FAO, China produced 663.9 million tons of food in 2020, which includes 260.3 million tons of cereals, 567.7 million tons of vegetables, and 31.9 million tons of fruits.
根據(jù)糧農(nóng)組織的數(shù)據(jù)，中國在2020年生產(chǎn)了6.639億噸食物，其中包括2.603億噸谷物，5.677億噸蔬菜和3190萬噸水果。

Despite being the world's largest producer of food, China still faces challenges in ensuring food security for its population.
盡管是世界最大的糧食生產(chǎn)國，中國在確保其人口的糧食安全方面仍面臨挑戰(zhàn)。

According to the WFP, approximately 5.5 million children under the age of five suffer from malnutrition in China, and around 89 million people live below the poverty line.
根據(jù)世界糧食計劃署的數(shù)據(jù)，中國約有550萬五歲以下兒童營養(yǎng)不良，約8900萬人生活在貧困線以下。

To address these challenges, both India and China have implemented various policies and programs to improve food security.
為應對這些挑戰(zhàn)，印度和中國都實施了各種政策和計劃以改善糧食安全。

For example, India has implemented the National Food Security Act, which aims to provide subsidized food grains to two-thirds of the country's population.
例如，印度實施了《國家食品安全法案》，旨在向該國三分之二的人口提供補貼糧食。

China has implemented the "grain for green" program, which aims to convert farmland into forests and grasslands to prevent soil erosion and improve the environment.
中國實施了“退耕還林”計劃，旨在將農(nóng)田轉(zhuǎn)化為森林和草地，以防止水土流失并改善環(huán)境。

In conclusion, India and China have managed to maintain food security for their large populations through a combination of factors, including agricultural practices, trade, and government policies.
總之，印度和中國通過結(jié)合農(nóng)業(yè)實踐、貿(mào)易和政府政策等多種因素，成功地為它們龐大的人口維持了糧食安全。

While challenges remain in ensuring that everyone has access to food, both countries have made progress in improving food security for their populations.
盡管在確保每個人都能獲得食物方面仍存在挑戰(zhàn)，但兩國在改善其人口的糧食安全方面都取得了進展。